Detection of Lactate via Amperometric Sensors Modified With Direct Electron Transfer Enzyme Containing PEDOT:PSS and Hydrogel Inks

The study focuses on amperometric sensors modified with direct electron transfer (DET) Lactazymes from DirectSens for lactate detection in blood and interstitial dermal fluid. Two sensor types were developed: carbon-based screen-printed biosensors for rapid blood measurements and platinum-microneedle sensors for continuous, minimally invasive ISF monitoring. Both sensor types demonstrated effective lactate detection at low potentials, with the carbon sensors performing well in blood and the platinum microneedles showing promise for wearable application